ADHD주의력 결핍 과잉행동 장애* Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ADHD주의력 결핍 과잉행동 장애* Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 

ADHD 있다면, 생활에 ‘이런’ 어려움 나타난다
정희은 기자 (eun@kormedi.com) - 어제 오후 7:30



강박적 식사 = ADHD 환자의 경우 자신의 행동을 제한할 수 있는 능력이 결여된 경우가 많다. 따라서 먹는 것을 조절하지 못하는 일이 생길 수 있다. 또한 뇌의 쾌락 중추에 관여하는 호르몬인 도파민 수치가 낮아 음식을 잔뜩 먹는 것으로 일시적으로 도파민 수치를 높여 기분을 좋아지게 하기도 한다.

성인 ADHD는 증상이 심각한 경우 일상생활 전반에 어려움을 겪을 수 있다. [사진=게티이미지뱅크]
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주의력 결핍 과잉행동 장애 (이하 ADHD)라고 하면 흔히 어린이에게만 나타나는 증상이라고 생각하는 경향이 있지만, 요즘은 성인에게서도 ADHD가 나타나는 경우가 많아지고 있다. 증상이 심각한 경우 일상생활 전반에 어려움을 겪을 수 있는 성인 ADHD, 어떻게 생활에 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 미국 건강정보 사이트 웹엠디(WebMD)에서 소개했다.
불안 = 걱정이 멈추지 않고 이로 인해 정상적으로 일상생활을 할 수 없는 불안 증세를 보일 수 있다. 성인 ADHD 환자 중 약 절반이 불안 장애를 가지고 있다. ADHD 증상 때문에 초조함이 생기는 경우라면 ADHD를 치료함으로써 불안 증상을 완화할 수 있다.

만성 스트레스 = ADHD가 있으면 스트레스가 높은 수준으로 오래 유지될 가능성이 크다. 이 때문에 시간이 지남에 따라 △근육 긴장 및 통증 △호흡곤란 △심장 문제 △혈당 조절 문제 △소화 문제 등을 일으킬 수 있다.

집중력 저하 = 자주 깜빡깜빡하고 주의가 산만해진다. 집중력에 문제가 있기 때문에 시간을 관리하는 데에도 어려움을 겪을 가능성이 높으며 이로 인해 일, 학교, 개인적인 일에 대한 마감일을 지키지 못하는 경우가 생길 수 있다.

충동 소비 = 잠시나마 기분이 좋아지고 싶어 원하는 물건을 산다. 이렇게 위험한 소비습관으로 인해 경제적으로도 문제가 생길 수 있다.

영상 중독 = ADHD가 있으면 집중력을 유지하는 게 어려운 게 사실이다. 하지만 스마트폰이나 비디오 게임, TV 영상의 계속해서 바뀌는 현란한 이미지에서는 눈을 떼지 못한다.

관계 문제 = 커플 중 ADHD가 있는 사람이 있고, 특히 증상을 치료하지 않으면 의사소통에 문제가 생긴다. 건망증이나 집중력 부족과 같은 문제를 이야기하면 상대방이 잔소리를 하는 것처럼 느껴질 수 있다.

감정 조절 문제 = ADHD가 뇌에 영향을 미치는 한 가지 방법은 주위 자극에 반응하는 방식을 조절하기가 어려워진다는 것이다. 짜증이나 조급함 때문에 갑자기 화를 폭발시킬 수 있고 작은 것에도 너무 심하게 걱정하기도 한다.

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ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active.

COVID-19: Information for parenting children with ADHD

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Signs and Symptoms

It is normal for children to have trouble focusing and behaving at one time or another. However, children with ADHD do not just grow out of these behaviors. The symptoms continue, can be severe, and can cause difficulty at school, at home, or with friends.

A child with ADHD might:

• daydream a lot
• forget or lose things a lot
• squirm or fidget
• talk too much
• make careless mistakes or take unnecessary risks
• have a hard time resisting temptation
• have trouble taking turns
• have difficulty getting along with others

Learn more about signs and symptoms

Need help?

Get information and support from the National Resource Center on ADHDexternal icon

Types

There are three different types of ADHD, depending on which types of symptoms are strongest in the individual:

• Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: It is hard for the individual to organize or finish a task, to pay attention to details, or to follow instructions or conversations. The person is easily distracted or forgets details of daily routines.

• Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: The person fidgets and talks a lot. It is hard to sit still for long (e.g., for a meal or while doing homework). Smaller children may run, jump or climb constantly. The individual feels restless and has trouble with impulsivity. Someone who is impulsive may interrupt others a lot, grab things from people, or speak at inappropriate times. It is hard for the person to wait their turn or listen to directions. A person with impulsiveness may have more accidents and injuries than others.

• Combined Presentation: Symptoms of the above two types are equally present in the person.

Because symptoms can change over time, the presentation may change over time as well.

“Is It ADHD?” in ASL

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american sign language interpreting icon Learn about symptoms of ADHD, how ADHD is diagnosed, and treatment recommendations including behavior therapy, medication, and school support.

Causes of ADHD

Scientists are studying cause(s) and risk factors in an effort to find better ways to manage and reduce the chances of a person having ADHD. The cause(s) and risk factors for ADHD are unknown, but current research shows that genetics plays an important role. Recent studies link genetic factors with ADHD.1

In addition to genetics, scientists are studying other possible causes and risk factors including:

• Brain injury
• Exposure to environmental risks (e.g., lead) during pregnancy or at a young age
• Alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy
• Premature delivery
• Low birth weight

Research does not support the popularly held views that ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar, watching too much television, parenting, or social and environmental factors such as poverty or family chaos. Of course, many things, including these, might make symptoms worse, especially in certain people. But the evidence is not strong enough to conclude that they are the main causes of ADHD.

ADHD Fact Sheet

Download and Print this fact sheet pdf icon[PDF – 473 KB]

Diagnosis

Deciding if a child has ADHD is a process with several steps. There is no single test to diagnose ADHD, and many other problems, like anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and certain types of learning disabilities, can have similar symptoms. One step of the process involves having a medical exam, including hearing and vision tests, to rule out other problems with symptoms like ADHD. Diagnosing ADHD usually includes a checklist for rating ADHD symptoms and taking a history of the child from parents, teachers, and sometimes, the child.

Learn more about the criteria for diagnosing ADHD

Treatments

In most cases, ADHD is best treated with a combination of behavior therapy and medication. For preschool-aged children (4-5 years of age) with ADHD, behavior therapy, particularly training for parents, is recommended as the first line of treatment before medication is tried. What works best can depend on the child and family. Good treatment plans will include close monitoring, follow-ups, and making changes, if needed, along the way.

Learn more about treatments

Managing Symptoms: Staying Healthy

Being healthy is important for all children and can be especially important for children with ADHD. In addition to behavioral therapy and medication, having a healthy lifestyle can make it easier for your child to deal with ADHD symptoms. Here are some healthy behaviors that may help:

• Developing healthy eating habits such as eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and choosing lean protein sources
• Participating in daily physical activity based on age
• Limiting the amount of daily screen time from TVs, computers, phones, and other electronics
• Getting the recommended amount of sleep each night based on age

Get Help!

If you or your doctor has concerns about ADHD, you can take your child to a specialist such as a child psychologist, child psychiatrist, or developmental pediatrician, or you can contact your local early intervention agency (for children under 3) or public school (for children 3 and older).

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funds the National Resource Center on ADHDexternal icon, a program of CHADD – Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Their website has links to information for people with ADHD and their families. The National Resource Center operates a call center (1-866-200-8098) with trained staff to answer questions about ADHD.

For more information on services for children with special needs, visit the Center for Parent Information and Resources.external icon  To find the Parent Center near you, you can visit this website.external icon

ADHD in Adults

ADHD can last into adulthood. Some adults have ADHD but have never been diagnosed. The symptoms can cause difficulty at work, at home, or with relationships. Symptoms may look different at older ages, for example, hyperactivity may appear as extreme restlessness. Symptoms can become more severe when the demands of adulthood increase. For more information about diagnosis and treatment throughout the lifespan, please visit the websites of the National Resource Center on ADHDexternal icon and the National Institutes of Mental Healthexternal icon.

More Information

• National Resource Center on ADHDexternal icon
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)external icon
• The Network of Care of Chemung County (New York)external icon – Information on ADHD in American Sign Language (ASL)

Reference

1. Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., . . . Wang, Y. (2021). The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022